+
Adeniran
AJ, Stanek
J: Amnion nodosum revisited: clinicopathologic and placental correlations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 131:1829, 2007
+
Airas
U, Heinonen
S: Clinical significance of true umbilical knots: a population-based analysis. Am J Perinatol 19:127, 2002
+
Al-Adnani
M, Kiho
L, Scheimberg
I: Maternal pancreatic carcinoma metastatic to the placenta: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Dev Pathol 10:61, 2007a
+
Al-Adnani
M, Sebire
NJ: The role of perinatal pathological examination in subclinical infection in obstetrics. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 21:505, 2007b
+
Alexander
A, Samlowski
WE, Grossman
D,
et al: Metastatic melanoma in pregnancy: risk of transplacental metastases in the infant. J Clin Oncol 21: 2179, 2003
+
Altman
JF, Lowe
L, Redman
B,
et al: Placental metastasis of maternal melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 49:1150, 2003
+
Andres
RL, Kuyper
W, Resnik
R,
et al: The association of maternal floor infarction of the placenta with adverse perinatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:935, 1990
+
Ball
RH, Ade
CM, Schoenborn
JA,
et al: The clinical significance of ultrasonographically detected subchorionic hemorrhages. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:996, 1996
+
Barbieri
C, Cecatti
JG, Krupa
F,
et al: Validation study of the capacity of the reference curves of ultrasonographic measurements of the umbilical cord to identify deviations in estimated fetal weight. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 87:286, 2008
+
Baulies
S, Maiz
N, Muñoz
A,
et al: Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of vasa praevia and analysis of risk factors. Prenat Diagn 27:595, 2007
+
Benirschke
K, Burton
GJ, Baergen
R: Pathology of the Human Placenta, 6th ed. New York, Springer, 2012, p 2012
+
Berg
TG, Rayburn
WF: Umbilical cord length and acid-base balance at delivery. J Reprod Med 40:9, 1995
+
Bonilla
F Jr, Raga
F, Villalaiz
E,
et al: Umbilical cord cysts: evaluation with different 3-dimensional sonographic modes. J Ultrasound Med 29(2):281, 2010
+
Byers
BD, Goharkhay
N, Mateus
J,
et al: Pregnancy outcome after ultrasound diagnosis of fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 33(3):282, 2009
+
Chetty-John
S, Zhang
J, Chen
Z,
et al: Long-term physical and neurologic development in newborn infants with isolated single umbilical artery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 203(4):368.e1, 2010
+
Cromi
A, Ghezzi
F, Di Naro
E,
et al: Large cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord as a predictor of fetal macrosomia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30:804, 2007
+
Dagklis
T, Defigueiredo
D, Staboulidou
I,
et al: Isolated single umbilical artery and fetal karyotype. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 36(3):291, 2010
+
Deans
A, Jauniaux
E: Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of subamniotic hematomas. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 11:319, 1998
+
de Laat
MW, Franx
A, Bots
ML,
et al: Umbilical coiling index in normal and complicated pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 107:1049, 2006
+
de Laat
MW, van Alderen
ED, Franx
A,
et al: The umbilical coiling index in complicated pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 130:66, 2007
+
Delbaere
I, Goetgeluk
S, Derom
C,
et al: Umbilical cord anomalies are more frequent in twins after assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod 22(10):2763, 2007
+
Ezra
Y, Strasberg
SR, Farine
D: Does cord presentation on ultrasound predict cord prolapse? Gynecol Obstet Invest 56:6, 2003
+
Faye-Petersen
OM, Heller
DS, Joshi
VV: Handbook of Placental Pathology, 2nd ed. London, Taylor & Francis, 2006, pp 27, 83
+
Feldman
DM, Borgida
AF, Trymbulak
WP,
et al: Clinical implications of velamentous cord insertion in triplet gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:809, 2002
+
Fox
H, Sebire
NJ: Pathology of the Placenta, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2007, pp 99, 133, 484
+
French
AE, Gregg
VH, Newberry
Y,
et al: Umbilical cord stricture: a cause of recurrent fetal death. Obstet Gynecol 105:1235, 2005
+
Fujikura
T: Fused umbilical arteries near placental cord insertion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:765, 2003
+
Ghezzi
F, Raio
L, Di Naro
E,
et al: Single and multiple umbilical cord cysts in early gestation: two different entities. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 21:213, 2003
+
Ghidini
A, Spong
CY: Severe meconium aspiration syndrome is not caused by aspiration of meconium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:931, 2001
+
Gilboa
Y, Kivilevitch
Z, Katorza
E,
et al: Outcomes of fetuses with umbilical cord cysts diagnosed during nuchal translucency examination. J Ultrasound Med 30(11):1547, 2011
+
Gogia
N, Machin
GA: Maternal thrombophilias are associated with specific placental lesions. Pediatr Dev Pathol 11(6):424, 2008
+
Goldenberg
RL, Hauth
JC, Andrews
WW: Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 342:1500, 2000
+
Grannum
PA, Berkowitz
RL, Hobbins
JC: The ultrasonic changes in the maturing placenta and their relation to fetal pulmonic maturity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133:915, 1979
+
Greenberg
JA, Sorem
KA, Shifren
JL,
et al: Placenta membranacea with placenta increta: a case report and literature review. Obstet Gynecol 78:512, 1991
+
Gualandri
G, Rivasi
F, Santunione
AL,
et al: Spontaneous umbilical cord hematoma: an unusual cause of fetal mortality: a report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 29(2):185, 2008
+
Guschmann
M, Henrich
W, Entezami
M,
et al: Chorioangioma—new insights into a well-known problem. I. Results of a clinical and morphological study of 136 cases. J Perinat Med 31:163, 2003
+
Hankins
GD, Snyder
RR, Hauth
JC,
et al: Nuchal cords and neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 70:687, 1987
+
Heifetz
SA: Single umbilical artery: a statistical analysis of 237 autopsy cases and a review of the literature. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 8:345, 1984
+
Heifetz
SA: Thrombosis of the umbilical cord: analysis of 52 cases and literature review. Pediatr Pathol 8:37, 1988
+
Hill
AJ, Strong
TH Jr, Elliott
JP,
et al: Umbilical artery aneurysm. Obstet Gynecol 116(Suppl 2):559, 2010
+
Hill
LM, Breckle
R, Ragozzino
MW,
et al: Grade 3 placentation: incidence and neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 61:728, 1983
+
Hoddick
WK, Mahony
BS, Callen
PW,
et al: Placental thickness. J Ultrasound Med 4(9):479, 1985
+
Hua
M, Odibo
AO, Macones
GA,
et al: Single umbilical artery and its associated findings. Obstet Gynecol 115(5):930, 2010
+
Jauniaux
E, De Munter
C, Vanesse
M,
et al: Embryonic remnants of the umbilical cord: morphologic and clinical aspects. Hum Pathol 20(5):458, 1989
+
Kan
PS, Eastman
NJ: Coiling of the umbilical cord around the foetal neck. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 64:227, 1957
+
Katz
VL, DiTomasso
J, Farmer
R,
et al: Activated protein C resistance associated with maternal floor infarction treated with low-molecular-weight heparin. Am J Perinatol 19:273, 2002
+
Kent
EM, Breathnach
FM, Gillan
JE,
et al: Placental cord insertion and birthweight discordance in twin pregnancies: results of the national prospective ESPRiT Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 205(4):376.e1, 2011
+
Krakowiak
P, Smith
EN, de Bruyn
G,
et al: Risk factors and outcomes associated with a short umbilical cord. Obstet Gynecol 103:119, 2004
+
Lacro
RV, Jones
KL, Benirschke
K: The umbilical cord twist: origin, direction, and relevance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157(4 Pt 1):833, 1987
+
Lademacher
DS, Vermeulen
RCW, Harten
JJVD,
et al: Circumvallate placenta and congenital malformation. Lancet 1:732, 1981
+
Langston
C, Kaplan
C, Macpherson
T,
et al: Practice guideline for examination of the placenta. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121:449, 1997
+
Lau
TK, Leung
TY, Yu
SC,
et al: Prenatal treatment of chorioangioma by microcoil embolisation. BJOG 110:70, 2003
+
Lee
W, Lee
VL, Kirk
JS,
et al: Vasa previa: prenatal diagnosis, natural evolution and clinical outcome. Obstet Gynecol 95:572, 2000
+
Lindqvist
PG, Gren
P: An easy-to-use method for detecting fetal hemoglobin—a test to identify bleeding from vasa previa. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 131:151, 2007
+
Liu
CC, Pretorius
DH, Scioscia
AL,
et al: Sonographic prenatal diagnosis of marginal placental cord insertion: clinical importance. Ultrasound Med 21:627, 2002
+
Lubusky
M, Dhaifalah
I, Prochazka
M,
et al: Single umbilical artery and its siding in the second trimester of pregnancy: relation to chromosomal defects. Prenat Diagn 27:327, 2007
+
Madu
AE: Breus’ mole in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 26:815, 2006
+
Maher
JT, Conti
JA: A comparison of umbilical cord blood gas values between newborns with and without true knots. Obstet Gynecol 88:863, 1996
+
Mandsager
NT, Bendon
R, Mostello
D,
et al: Maternal floor infarction of the placenta: prenatal diagnosis and clinical significance. Obstet Gynecol 83:750, 1994
+
Mankuta
D, Nadjari
M, Pomp
G: Isolated fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix: clinical importance and recommendations. J Ultrasound Med 30(2):273, 2011
+
Mastrobattista
JM, Hollier
LM, Yeomans
ER,
et al: Effects of nuchal cord on birthweight and immediate neonatal outcomes. Am J Perinatol 22:83, 2005
+
McKenna
D, Tharmaratnam
S, Mahsud
S,
et al: Ultrasonic evidence of placental calcification at 36 weeks’ gestation: maternal and fetal outcomes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84:7, 2005
+
Montan
S, Jörgensen
C, Svalenius
E,
et al: Placental grading with ultrasound in hypertensive and normotensive pregnancies: a prospective, consecutive study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 65:477, 1986
+
Mulch
AD, Stallings
SP, Salafia
CM: Elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, umbilical vein varix, and mesenchymal dysplasia: are they related? Prenat Diagn 26:659, 2006
+
Murphy-Kaulbeck
L, Dodds
L, Joseph
KS,
et al: Single umbilical artery risk factors and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 116(4):843, 2010
+
Nagy
S, Bush
M, Stone
J,
et al: Clinical significance of subchorionic and retroplacental hematomas detected in the first trimester of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 102:94, 2003
+
Nicolini
U, Zuliani
G, Caravelli
E,
et al: Alcohol injection: a new method of treating placental chorioangiomas. Lancet 353(9165):1674, 1999
+
Olog
A, Thomas
JT, Petersen
S,
et al: Large umbilical artery aneurysm with a live healthy baby delivered at 31 weeks. Fetal Diagn Ther 29(4):331, 2011
+
Oyelese
KO, Turner
M, Lees
C,
et al: Vasa previa: an avoidable obstetric tragedy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 54:138, 1999
+
Oyelese
Y, Catanzarite
V, Prefumo
F,
et al: Vasa previa: the impact of prenatal diagnosis on outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 103:937, 2004
+
Oyelese
Y, Culin
A, Ananth
CV,
et al: Meconium-stained amniotic fluid across gestation and neonatal acid-base status. Obstet Gynecol 108:345, 2006
+
Papinniemi
M, Keski-Nisula
L, Heinonen
S: Placental ratio and risk of velamentous umbilical cord insertion are increased in women with placenta previa. Am J Perinatol 24:353, 2007
+
Peng
HQ, Levitin-Smith
M, Rochelson
B,
et al: Umbilical cord stricture and overcoiling are common causes of fetal demise. Pediatr Dev Pathol 9:14, 2006
+
Prapas
N, Liang
RI, Hunter
D,
et al: Color Doppler imaging of placental masses: differential diagnosis and fetal outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 16:559, 2000
+
Predanic
M, Perni
SC, Chasen
ST,
et al: Assessment of umbilical cord coiling during the routine fetal sonographic anatomic survey in the second trimester. J Ultrasound Med 24:185, 2005a
+
Predanic
M, Perni
SC, Chasen
ST,
et al: Ultrasound evaluation of abnormal umbilical cord coiling in second trimester of gestation in association with adverse pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:387, 2005b
+
Predanic
M, Perni
SC, Friedman
A,
et al: Fetal growth assessment and neonatal birth weight in fetuses with an isolated single umbilical artery. Obstet Gynecol 105:1093 2005c
+
Quintero
RA, Reich
H, Romero
R,
et al: In utero endoscopic devascularization of a large chorioangioma. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 8:48, 1996
+
Raio
L, Ghezzi
F, Di Naro
E,
et al: Sonographic measurement of the umbilical cord and fetal anthropometric parameters. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 83:131, 1999
+
Raio
L, Ghezzi
F, Di Naro
E,
et al: Umbilical cord morphologic characteristics and umbilical artery Doppler parameters in intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses. J Ultrasound Med 22:1341, 2003
+
Redline
RW: Inflammatory responses in the placenta and umbilical cord. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 11:296, 2006
+
Redline
RW: Placental pathology: a systematic approach with clinical correlations. Placenta 29 Suppl A:S86, 2008
+
Roberts
DJ: Placental pathology, a survival guide. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132(4):641, 2008
+
Robinson
BK, Grobman
WA: Effectiveness of timing strategies for delivery of individuals with vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol 117(3):542, 2011
+
Salafia
CM, Silberman
L, Herrera
NE,
et al: Placental pathology at term associated with elevated midtrimester maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158(5):1064, 1988
+
Sato
Y, Benirschke
K: Umbilical arterial thrombosis with vascular wall necrosis: clinicopathologic findings of 11 cases. Placenta 27:715, 2006
+
Sau
A, Seed
P, Langford
K: Intraobserver and interobserver variation in the sonographic grading of placental maturity. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 23:374, 2004
+
Schachter
M, Tovbin
Y, Arieli
S,
et al: In vitro fertilization is a risk factor for vasa previa. Fertil Steril 79:1254, 2003
+
Sebire
NJ: Pathophysiological significance of abnormal umbilical cord coiling index. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30(6):804, 2007
+
Sebire
NJ, Backos
M, El Gaddal
S,
et al: Placental pathology, antiphospholipid antibodies, and pregnancy outcome in recurrent miscarriage patients. Obstet Gynecol 101:258, 2003
+
Sebire
NJ, Backos
M, Goldin
RD,
et al: Placental massive perivillous fibrin deposition associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 109:570, 2002
+
Sepulveda
W, Alcalde
JL, Schnapp
C: Perinatal outcome after prenatal diagnosis of placental chorioangioma. Obstet Gynecol 102:1028, 2003a
+
Sepulveda
W, Aviles
G, Carstens
E,
et al: Prenatal diagnosis of solid placental masses: the value of color flow imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 16:554, 2000
+
Sepulveda
W, Corral
E, Kottmann
C,
et al: Umbilical artery aneurysm: prenatal identification in three fetuses with trisomy 18. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 21:213, 2003b
+
Sepulveda
W, Wong
AE, Herrera
L,
et al: Endoscopic laser coagulation of feeding vessels in large placental chorioangiomas: report of three cases and review of invasive treatment options. Prenat Diagn 29(3):201, 2009
+
Sheiner
E, Abramowicz
JS, Levy
A,
et al: Nuchal cord is not associated with adverse perinatal outcome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 274:81, 2006
+
Shen
O, Golomb
E, Lavie
O,
et al: Placental shelf—a common, typically transient and benign finding on early second-trimester sonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 29:192, 2007a
+
Shen
O, Reinus
C, Baranov
A,
et al: Prenatal diagnosis of umbilical artery aneurysm: a potentially lethal anomaly. J Ultrasound Med 26(2):251, 2007b
+
Sørnes
T: Umbilical cord encirclements and fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol 86:725, 1995
+
Sørnes
T: Umbilical cord knots. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 79:157, 2000
+
Spellacy
WN, Gravem
H, Fisch
RO: The umbilical cord complications of true knots, nuchal coils and cords around the body. Report from the collaborative study of cerebral palsy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 94:1136, 1966
+
Strong
TH Jr, Jarles
DL, Vega
JS,
et al: The umbilical coiling index. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170(1 Pt 1):29, 1994
+
Sun
Y, Arbuckle
S, Hocking
G,
et al: Umbilical cord stricture and intrauterine fetal death. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 15:723, 1995
+
Suzuki
S: Clinical significance of pregnancies with circumvallate placenta. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 34(1):51, 2008a
+
Suzuki
S, Igarashi
M: Clinical significance of pregnancies with succenturiate lobes of placenta. Arch Gynecol Obstet 277:299, 2008b
+
Torpin
R: Amniochorionic mesoblastic fibrous strings and amnionic bands: associated constricting fetal malformations or fetal death. Am J Obstet Gynecol 91:65, 1965
+
Tran
SH, Caughey
AB, Musei
TJ: Meconium-stained amniotic fluid is associated with puerperal infections. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:2175, 2004
+
Tuuli
MG, Shanks
A, Bernhard
L,
et al: Uterine synechiae and pregnancy complications. Obstet Gynecol 119(4):810, 2012
+
Van Den Bosch
T, Van Schoubroeck
D, Cornelis
A,
et al: Prenatal diagnosis of a subamniotic hematoma. Fetal Diagn Ther 15:32, 2000
+
Volpe
G, Volpe
N, Fucci
L,
et al: Subamniotic hematoma: 3D and color Doppler imaging in the differential diagnosis of placental masses and fetal outcome. Minerva Ginecol 60:255, 2008
+
Weber
MA, Sau
A, Maxwell
DJ,
et al: Third trimester intrauterine fetal death caused by arterial aneurysm of the umbilical cord. Pediatr Deve Pathol 10:305, 2007
+
Woo
GW, Rocha
FG, Gaspar-Oishi
M,
et al: Placental mesenchymal dysplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 205(6):e3, 2011
+
Yamada
S, Hamanishi
J, Tanada
S,
et al: Embryogenesis of fused umbilical arteries in human embryos. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:1709, 2005
+
Zalel
Y, Weisz
B, Gamzu
R,
et al: Chorioangiomas of the placenta: sonographic and Doppler flow characteristics. Ultrasound Med 21:909, 2002
+
Zangen
R, Boldes
R, Yaffe
H,
et al: Umbilical cord cysts in the second and third trimesters: significance and prenatal approach. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 36(3):296, 2010