+
Abrão
KC, Francisco
RP, Miyadahira
S,
et al: Elevation of uterine basal tone and fetal heart rate abnormalities after labor analgesia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 113(10):41, 2009
+
Alexander
JM, Sharma
SK, McIntire
DD,
et al: Epidural analgesia lengthens the Friedman active phase of labor. Obstet Gynecol 100:46, 2002
+
American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Guidelines for Perinatal Care, 7th ed. Washington, 2012
+
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Oral intake during labor. Committee Opinion No. 441, September 2009, Reaffirmed 2013a
+
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia. Practice Bulletin 36, July 2002, Reaffirmed 2013b
+
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Society of Anesthesiologists: Pain relief during labor. Committee Opinion No. 295, July 2004, Reaffirmed 2008
+
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Society of Anesthesiologists: Optimal goals for anesthesia care in obstetrics. Committee Opinion No.433, May 2009
+
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetrical Anesthesia: Practice guidelines for obstetrical anesthesia. Anesthesiology 106:843, 2007
+
Arkoosh
V, Palmer
C, Yun
E,
et al: A randomized, double-masked, multicenter comparison of the safety of continuous intrathecal labor analgesia using a 28-gauge catheter versus continuous epidural labor analgesia. Anesthesiology 108(2):286, 2008
+
Atkinson
BD, Truitt
LJ, Rayburn
WF,
et al: Double-blind comparison of intravenous butorphanol (Stadol) and fentanyl (Sublimaze) for analgesia during labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:993, 1994
+
Beamon
C, Stuebe
A, Edwards
L,
et al: Effect of mode of regional anesthesia on neonatal outcomes in preeclamptic patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 210:S173, 2014
+
Bell
ED, Penning
DH, Cousineau
EF,
et al: How much labor is in a labor epidural? Manpower cost and reimbursement for an obstetric analgesia service in a teaching institution. Anesthesiology 92:851, 2000
+
Berg
CJ, Callaghan
WM, Syverson
C,
et al: Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1998 to 2005. Obstet Gynecol 116:1302, 2010
+
Bloom
SL, Spong
CY, Weiner
SJ,
et al: Complications of anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 106:281, 2005
+
Bricker
L, Lavender
T: Parenteral opioids for labor pain relief: A systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:S94, 2002
+
Brookfield
K, Osmundson
S, Jaqvi
M,
et al: General anesthesia at cesarean delivery portends worse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Abstract No. 672. Am J Obstet Gynecol 208(1 Suppl):S28, 2013
+
Butler
R, Fuller
J: Back pain following epidural anaesthesia in labour. Can J Anaesth 45:724, 1998
+
Butwick
A, Blumenfeld
Y, Brookfeld
K,
et al: Ethnic disparities among patients undergoing general anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 210:S259, 2014
+
Camann
WR, Murray
RS, Mushlin
PS,
et al: Effects of oral caffeine on postdural puncture headache: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth Analg 70:181, 1990
+
Campagna
JA, Miller
KW, Forman
SA: Mechanisms of actions of inhaled anesthetics. N Engl J Med 348:2110, 2003
+
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Bacterial meningitis after intrapartum anesthesia—New York and Ohio, 2008–2009. MMWR 59(3):65, 2010
+
Chan
BO, Paech
MJ: Persistent cerebrospinal fluid leak: a complication of the combined spinal-epidural technique. Anesth Analg 98:828, 2004
+
Chestnut
DH: Effect on the progress of labor and method of delivery. In Chestnut
DH (ed): Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1999, p 1999
+
Chestnut
DH, McGrath
JM, Vincent
RD Jr,
et al: Does early administration of epidural analgesia affect obstetric outcome in nulliparous women who are in spontaneous labor? Anesthesiology 80:1201, 1994a
+
Chestnut
DH, Owen
CL, Bates
JN,
et al: Continuous infusion epidural analgesia during labor: a randomized, double-blind comparison of 0.625% bupivacaine/0.0002% fentanyl versus 0.125% bupivacaine. Anesthesiology 68:754, 1988
+
Chestnut
DH, Vincent
RD Jr, McGrather
JM,
et al: Does early administration of epidural analgesia affect obstetric outcome in nulliparous women who are receiving intravenous oxytocin? Anesthesiology 80:1193, 1994b
+
Chisholm
ME, Campbell
DC: Postpartum postural headache due to superior sagittal sinus thrombosis mistaken for spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Can J Anaesth 48:302, 2001
+
Craig
MG, Tao
W, McIntire
DD,
et al: A randomized trial of bupivacaine plus fentanyl versus only fentanyl for epidural analgesia during the second stage of labor. Anesth Analg 2014 In press
+
Crawford
JS: Some maternal complications of epidural analgesia for labour. Anaesthesia 40:1219, 1985
+
Crawford
JS, Burton
M, Davies
P: Time and lateral tilt at caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 44:477, 1972
+
Danilenko-Dixon
DR, Tefft
L, Haydon
B,
et al: The effect of maternal position on cardiac output with epidural analgesia in labor [Abstract]. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:332, 1996
+
Darouiche
RO: Spinal epidural abscess. N Engl J Med 355:2012, 2006
+
Dashe
JS, Rogers
BB, McIntire
DD,
et al: Epidural analgesia and intrapartum fever: placental findings. Obstet Gynecol 93:341, 1999
+
Dawley
B, Hendrix
A: Intracranial subdural hematoma after spinal anesthesia in a parturient. Obstet Gynecol 113(2):570, 2009
+
Dresner
M, Brocklesby
J, Bamber
J: Audit of the influence of body mass index on the performance of epidural analgesia in labour and the subsequent mode of delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 113:1178, 2006
+
Friedman
EA: Primigravid labor: a graphicostatistical analysis. Obstet Gynecol 6:567, 1955
+
Fusi
L, Steer
PJ, Maresh
MJA,
et al: Maternal pyrexia associated with the use of epidural analgesia in labour. Lancet 1:1250, 1989
+
Gambling
DR, Sharma
SK, Ramin
SM,
et al: A randomized study of combined spinal-epidural analgesia versus intravenous meperidine during labor: impact on cesarean delivery rate. Anesthesiology 89(6):1336, 1998
+
Glosten
B: Local anesthetic techniques. In Chestnut
DH (ed): Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. St Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1999, p 1999
+
Grant
GJ: Safely giving regional anesthesia to gravidas with clotting disorders. Contemp OB Gyn August, 2007
+
Halpern
SH, Carvalho
B: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia for labor. Anesth Analg 108(3):921, 2009
+
Hants
Y, Kabiri
D, Gat
R,
et al: Neuraxial analgesia may reduce the risk for cesarean delivery during induced labor. Abstract No. 339. Am J Obstet Gynecol 208(1 Suppl):S151, 2013
+
Hatjis
CG, Meis
PJ: Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern associated with butorphanol administration. Obstet Gynecol 67:377, 1986
+
Hawkins
JL: Epidural analgesia for labor and delivery. N Engl J Med 362:1503, 2010
+
Hawkins
JL, Chang
J, Palmer
SK,
et al: Anesthesia-related maternal mortality in the United States: 1979–2002. Obstet Gynecol 117:69, 2011
+
Hawkins
JL, Koonin
LM, Palmer
SK,
et al: Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979–1990. Anesthesiology 86:277, 1997
+
Heller
PJ, Scheider
EP, Marx
GF: Pharyngolaryngeal edema as a presenting symptom in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 62:523, 1983
+
Hess
PE, Pratt
SD, Lucas
TP,
et al: Predictors of breakthrough pain during labor epidural analgesia. Anesth Analg 93:414, 2001
+
Hill
JB, Alexander
JM, Sharma
SK,
et al: A comparison of the effects of epidural and meperidine analgesia during labor on fetal heart rate. Obstet Gynecol 102:333, 2003
+
Hinebaugh
M, Lang
W: Continuous spinal anesthesia for labor and delivery: a preliminary report. Ann Surg 120(2):143, 1944
+
Hogg
B, Hauth
JC, Caritis
SN,
et al: Safety of labor epidural anesthesia for women with severe hypertensive disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181:1096, 1999
+
Introna
RPS, Blair
JR, Neeld
JB: What is the incidence of inadvertent dural puncture during epidural anesthesia in obstetrics? Anesthesiology 117(3):686, 2012
+
Katircioglu
K, Hasegeli
L, Ibrahimhakkioglu
HF,
et al: A retrospective review of 34,109 epidural anesthetics for obstetric and gynecologic procedures at a single private hospital in Turkey. Anesth Analg 107:1742, 2008
+
Kennedy
WF Jr, Bonica
JJ, Akamatsu
TJ,
et al: Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of subarachnoid block in the presence of acute blood loss. Anesthesiology 29:29, 1968
+
Krivak
TC, Zorn
KK: Venous thromboembolism in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstet Gynecol 109(3):761, 2007
+
Lee
A, Ngan Kee
WD, Gin
T: A quantitative, systematic review of randomized controlled trials of ephedrine versus phenylephrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 94:920, 2002a
+
Lee
A, Ngan Kee
WD, Gin
T: Prophylactic ephedrine prevents hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery but does not improve neonatal outcome: a quantitative systematic review. Can J Anaesth 49:588, 2002b
+
Lee
LA, Posner
KL, Domino
KB,
et al: Injuries associated with regional anesthesia in the 1980s and 1990s: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 101:143, 2004
+
Leighton
BL, Halpern
SH: The effects of epidural analgesia on labor, maternal, and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:569, 2002
+
Lewis
G (ed): The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers’ Lives. London, CEMACH, 2007
+
Li
G, Warner
M, Lang
BH
et al: Epidemiology of anesthesia-related mortality in the United States, 1999–2005. Anesthesiology 110(4):759, 2009
+
Lieberman
E, Lang
JM, Cohen
A,
et al: Association of epidural analgesia with cesarean delivery in nulliparas. Obstet Gynecol 88:993, 1996
+
Lieberman
E, O’Donoghue
C: Unintended effects of epidural analgesia during labor: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:531, 2002
+
Liu
SS, Lin
Y: Local anesthetics. In Barash
P, Cullen
B, Stoeling
R,
et al (eds): Clinical Anesthesia, 6th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, p 2009
+
Liu
WH, Lin
JH, Lin
JC,
et al: Severe intracranial and intraspinal subarachnoid hemorrhage after lumbar puncture: a rare case report. Am J Emerg Med 26:633, 2008
+
Lucas
MJ, Sharma
SK, McIntire
DD,
et al: A randomized trial of labor analgesia in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:970, 2001
+
Luxman
D, Wholman
I, Groutz
A,
et al: The effect of early epidural block administration on the progression and outcome of labor. Int J Obstet Anesth 7:161, 1998
+
Manninen
T, Aantaa
R, Salonen
M,
et al: A comparison of the hemodynamic effects of paracervical block and epidural anesthesia for labor analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44:441, 2000
+
Marik
PE: Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med 344:665, 2001
+
McClelland
SH, Bogod
DG, Hardman
JG: Pre-oxygenation and apnoea in pregnancy: changes during labour and with obstetric morbidity in a computational simulation. Anaesthesia 64(4):371, 2009
+
Mhyre
JM, Riesner
MN, Polley
LS,
et al: A series of anesthesia-related maternal deaths in Michigan, 1985–2003. Anesthesiology 106:1096, 2007
+
Miller
N, Cypher
R, Thomas
S,
et al: Admission pulse pressure is a novel predictor of fetal heart rate abnormalities following initial dosing of a labour epidural: a retrospective cohort study. Abstract No. 333. Am J Obstet Gynecol 208(1 Suppl):S149, 2013
+
Millet
L, Shaha
S, Bartholomew
ML: Rates of bacteriuria in laboring with epidural analgesia: continuous vs intermittent bladder catheterization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206:316, 2012
+
Miro
M, Guasch
E, Gilsanz
F: Comparison of epidural analgesia with combined spinal-epidural for labor: a retrospective study of 6497 cases. Int J Obstet Anesth 17:15, 2008
+
Mulroy
MF: Systemic toxicity and cardiotoxicity from local anesthetics: incidence and preventive measures. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:556, 2002
+
Ngan Kee
WD, Khaw
KS, Ng
FF,
et al: Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 98:815, 2004
+
Noblett
K, McKinney
A, Kim
R: Sheared epidural catheter during an elective procedure. Obstet Gynecol 109:566, 2007
+
Norris
MC, Dewan
DM: Preoxygenation for cesarean section: A comparison of two techniques. Anesthesiology 62:827, 1985
+
Ohel
G, Gonen
R, Vaida
S,
et al: Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia in labor: does it increase the risk of cesarean section? A randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:600, 2006
+
Osterman
MJK, Martin
JA: Epidural and spinal anesthesia use during labor, 2008. Natl Vital Stat Rep 59(5):1, 2011a
+
Osterman
MJK, Martin
JA, Mathews
TJ,
et al: Expanded data from the new birth certificate, 2008. Natl Vital Stat Rep 59(7):1, 2011b
+
O’Sullivan
G, Liu
B, Hart
D,
et al: Effect of food intake during labour on obstetric outcome: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 338:b784, 2009
+
Quilligan
EJ, Keegan
KA, Donahue
MJ: Double-blind comparison of intravenously injected butorphanol and meperidine in parturients. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 18:363, 1980
+
Quinn
AC, Milne
D, Columb
M,
et al: Failed tracheal intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case-control study in the UK. Br J Anaesth 110(1):74, 2013
+
Ramin
SM, Gambling
DR, Lucas
MJ,
et al: Randomized trial of epidural versus intravenous analgesia during labor. Obstet Gynecol 86(5):783, 1995
+
Reynolds
F, Sharma
SK, Seed
PT: Analgesia in labour and fetal acid-base balance: a meta-analysis comparing epidural with systemic opioid analgesia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 109:1344, 2002
+
Rogers
R, Gilson
G, Kammerer-Doak
D: Epidural analgesia and active management of labor: effects on length of labor and mode of delivery. Obstet Gynecol 93:995, 1999
+
Rosen
MA: Nitrous oxide for relief of labor pain: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:S110, 2002a
+
Rosen
MA: Paracervical block for labor analgesia: a brief historic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:S127, 2002b
+
Ruppen
W, Derry
S, McQuay
H,
et al: Incidence of epidural hematoma, infection, and neurologic injury in obstetric patients with epidural analgesia/anesthesia. Anesthesiology 105:394, 2006
+
Scavone
BM, Wong
CA, Sullivan
JT,
et al: Efficacy of a prophylactic epidural blood patch in preventing post dural puncture headache in parturients after inadvertent dural puncture. Anesthesiology 101:1422, 2004
+
Setayesh
AR, Kholdebarin
AR, Moghadam
MS,
et al: The Trendelenburg position increases the spread and accelerates the onset of epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. Can J Anaesth 48:890, 2001
+
Seyb
ST, Berka
RJ, Socol
ML,
et al: Risk of cesarean delivery with elective induction of labor at term in nulliparous women. Obstet Gynecol 94:600, 1999
+
Sharma
SK, Alexander
JM, Messick
G,
et al: Cesarean delivery: a randomized trial of epidural analgesia versus intravenous meperidine analgesia during labor in nulliparous women. Anesthesiology 96(3):546, 2002
+
Sharma
SK, Leveno
KJ: Regional analgesia and progress of labor. Clin Obstet Gynecol 46:633, 2003
+
Sharma
SK, McIntire
DD, Wiley
J,
et al: Labor analgesia and cesarean delivery. An individual patient meta-analysis of nulliparous women. Anesthesiology 100:142, 2004
+
Sharma
SK, Rogers
BB, Alexander
JM,
et al: A randomized trial of the effects of antibiotic prophylaxis on epidural related fever in labor. Anesth Analg 2014 In press
+
Sharma
SK, Sidawi
JE, Ramin
SM,
et al: Cesarean delivery: a randomized trial of epidural versus patient-controlled meperidine analgesia during labor. Anesthesiology 87:487, 1997
+
Shearer
VE, Jhaveri
HS, Cunningham
FG: Puerperal seizures after post-dural puncture headache. Obstet Gynecol 85:255, 1995
+
Smarkusky
L, DeCarvalho
H, Bermudez
A,
et al: Acute onset headache complicating labor epidural caused by intrapartum pneumocephalus. Obstet Gynecol 108:795, 2006
+
Sprigge
JS, Harper
SJ: Accidental dural puncture and post dural puncture headache in obstetric anaesthesia: presentation and management: a 23-year survey in a district general hospital. Anaesthesia 63:36, 2008
+
Svancarek
W, Chirino
O, Schaefer
G Jr,
et al: Retropsoas and subgluteal abscesses following paracervical and pudendal anesthesia. JAMA 237:892, 1977
+
Taylor
G, Pryse-Davies
J: The prophylactic use of antacids in the prevention of the acid pulmonary aspiration syndrome (Mendelson’s syndrome). Lancet 1:288, 1966
+
Teabeaut
JR II: Aspiration of gastric contents: an experimental study. Am J Pathol 28:51, 1952
+
Tsui
MHY, Kee
WDN, Ng
FF,
et al: A double blinded randomized placebo controlled study of intramuscular pethidine for pain relief in the first stage of labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 111:648, 2004
+
Vallejo
MC, Mandell
GL, Sabo
DP,
et al: Postdural puncture headache: a randomized comparison of five spinal needles in obstetric patients. Anesth Analg 91:916, 2000
+
Vricella
LK, Louis
JM, Mercer
BM,
et al: Impact of morbid obesity on epidural anesthesia complications in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 205:307, 2011
+
Wallace
DH, Leveno
KJ, Cunningham
FG,
et al: Randomized comparison of general and regional anesthesia for cesarean delivery in pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 86:193, 1995
+
Wong
CA, McCarthy
RJ, Sullivan
JT,
et al: Early compared with late neuraxial analgesia in nulliparous labor induction. Obstet Gynecol 113(5):1066, 2009
+
Wong
CA, Scavone
BM, Peaceman
AM,
et al: The risk of cesarean delivery with neuraxial analgesia given early versus late in labor. N Engl J Med 352:655, 2005
+
Yancey
MK, Pierce
B, Schweitzer
D,
et al: Observations on labor epidural analgesia and operative delivery rates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:353, 1999
+
Yancey
MK, Zhang
J, Schweitzer
DL,
et al: Epidural analgesia and fetal head malposition at vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 97:608, 2001
+
Young
MJ, Gorlin
AW, Modes
VE,
et al: Clinical implications of the transversus abdominis plane block in adults. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2012:731645, 2012
+
Zeeman
GG, Cunningham
FG, Pritchard
JA: The magnitude of hemoconcentration with eclampsia. Hypertens Preg 28(2):127, 2009
+
Zhang
J, Yancey
MK, Klebanoff
MA,
et al: Does epidural analgesia prolong labor and increase risk of cesarean delivery? A natural experiment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:128, 2001