+
Alexander
JM, Sharma
SK, McIntire
D,
et al: Epidural analgesia lengthens the Friedman active phase of labor. Obstet Gynecol 100:46, 2002
+
Alfirevic
Z, Kelly
AJ, Dowswell
T: Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD003246, 2009
+
American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Guidelines for Perinatal Care, 7th ed. 2012
+
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Dystocia and augmentation of labor. Practice Bulletin No. 49, December 2003, Reaffirmed 2013a
+
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Induction of labor. Practice Bulletin No. 107, August 2009, Reaffirmed 2013b
+
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring: nomenclature, interpretation, and general management principles. Practice Bulletin No. 106, July 2009, Reaffirmed 2013c
+
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery. Practice Bulletin 115, August 2010, Reaffirmed 2013d
+
Arulkumaran
S, Koh
CH, Ingemarsson
I,
et al: Augmentation of labour—mode of delivery related to cervimetric progress. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 27:304, 1987
+
Bakos
O, Bäckström
T: Induction of labor: a prospective, randomized study into amniotomy and oxytocin as induction methods in a total unselected population. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 66:537, 1987
+
Bailit
JL, Gregory
KD, Reddy
UM,
et al: Maternal and neonatal outcomes by labor onset type and gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 202(3):245.e1, 2010
+
Bateman
BT, Mhyre
JM, Callaghan
WM,
et al: Peripartum hysterectomy in the United States: nationwide 14 year experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206(1):63.e1, 2012
+
Bishop
EH: Pelvic scoring for elective induction. Obstet Gynecol 24:266, 1964
+
Bleich
AT, Villano
KS, Lo
JY,
et al: Oral
misoprostol for labor augmentation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 118(6):1255, 2011
+
Boulvain
M, Kelly
A, Irion
O: Intracervical prostaglandins for induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD006971, 2008
+
Boulvain
M, Stan
C, Irion
O: Membrane sweeping for induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD000451, 2005
+
Boyle
A, Reddy
UM, Landy
HJ,
et al: Primary cesarean delivery in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 122(1):33, 2013
+
Bullarbo
M, Orrskog
ME, Andersch
B,
et al: Outpatient vaginal administration of the nitric oxide donor isosorbide mononitrate for cervical ripening and labor induction postterm: a randomized controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 196:50.e1, 2007
+
Caldeyro-Barcia
R, Alvarez
H, Reynolds
SRM: A better understanding of uterine contractility through simultaneous recording with an internal and a seven channel external method. Surg Obstet Gynecol 91:641, 1950
+
Caldeyro-Barcia
R, Poseiro
JJ: Physiology of the uterine contraction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 3:386, 1960
+
Chanrachakul
B, Herabutya
Y, Punyavachira
P: Potential efficacy of nitric oxide for cervical ripening in pregnancy at term. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 71(3):217, 2000a
+
Chanrachakul
B, Herabutya
Y, Punyavachira
P: Randomized comparison of glyceryl trinitrate and prostaglandin E2 for cervical ripening at term. Obstet Gynecol 96:549, 2000b
+
Chiossi
G, Lai
Y, Landon
MB,
et al: Timing of delivery and adverse outcomes in term singleton repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 121(3):561, 2013
+
Clark
SL, Miller
DD, Belfort
MA,
et al: Neonatal and maternal outcomes associated with elective term delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 200(2):156.e1, 2009
+
Collingham
J, Fuh
K, Caughey
A,
et al: Oral
misoprostol and vaginal isosorbide mononitrate for labor induction: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 116(1):121, 2010
+
Cromi
A, Ghezzi
F, Uccella
S,
et al: A randomized trial of preinduction cervical ripening: dinoprostone vaginal insert versus double-balloon catheter. Am J Obstet Gynecol 207(2):125.e1, 2012
+
du Vigneaud
V, Ressler
C, Swan
JM,
et al: The synthesis of oxytocin. J Am Chem Soc 75:4879, 1953
+
Ekerhovd
E, Bullarbo
M, Andersch
B,
et al: Vaginal administration of the nitric oxide donor isosorbide mononitrate for cervical ripening at term: a randomized controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:1692, 2003
+
Ekerhovd
E, Weijdegärd
B, Brännström
I,
et al: Nitric oxide induced cervical ripening in the human: involvement of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, prostaglandin F2α, and prostaglandin E2. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:745, 2002
+
Fisch
JM, English
D, Pedaline
S,
et al: Labor induction process improvement: a patient quality-of-care initiative. Obstet Gynecol 113(4):797, 2009
+
Flannelly
GM, Turner
MJ, Rassmussen
MJ,
et al: Rupture of the uterus in Dublin: an update. J Obstet Gynaecol 13:440, 1993
+
Fraser
W, Marcoux
S, Moutquin
JM,
et al: Effect of early amniotomy on the risk of dystocia in nulliparous women. N Engl J Med 328:1145, 1993
+
Friedman
EA: Primigravid labor: a graphicostatistical analysis. Obstet Gynecol 6:567, 1955
+
Frigoletto
FD, Lieberman
E, Lang
JM,
et al: A clinical trial of active management of labor. N Engl J Med 333:745, 1995
+
Garite
TJ, Porto
M, Carlson
NJ,
et al: The influence of elective amniotomy on fetal heart rate patterns and the course of labor in term patients: a randomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:1827, 1993
+
Hamar
B, Mann
S, Greenberg
P,
et al: Low-risk inductions of labor and cesarean delivery for nulliparous and parous women at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:S215, 2001
+
Hatfield
AS, Sanchez-Ramos
L, Kaunitz
AM: Sonographic cervical assessment to predict the success of labor induction: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197:186, 2007
+
Hauth
JC, Hankins
GD, Gilstrap
LC III: Uterine contraction pressures achieved in parturients with active phase arrest. Obstet Gynecol 78:344, 1991
+
Hauth
JC, Hankins
GD, Gilstrap
LC III: Uterine contraction pressures with oxytocin induction/augmentation. Obstet Gynecol 68:305, 1986
+
Hawkins
JS, Wing
DA: Current pharmacotherapy options for labor induction. Expert Opin Pharmacother 13(14):2005, 2012
+
Heinemann
J, Gillen
G, Sanchez-Ramos
L,
et al: Do mechanical methods of cervical ripening increase infectious morbidity? A systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 199(2):177, 2008
+
Hernandez
JS, Wendel
GD Jr, Sheffield
JS: Trends in emergency peripartum hysterectomy at a single institution: 1988–2009. Am J Perinatol 30(5):365, 2013
+
Ho
M, Cheng
SY, Li
TC: Titrated oral
misoprostol solution compared with intravenous oxytocin for labor augmentation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 116(3):612, 2010
+
Hoffman
MK, Sciscione
AC: Elective induction with cervical ripening increases the risk of cesarean delivery in multiparous women. Obstet Gynecol 101:7S, 2003
+
Hofmeyr
GJ, Gülmezoglu
AM, Pileggi
C: Vaginal
misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD000941, 2010
+
Jozwiak
M, Bloemenkamp
KW, Kelly
AJ,
et al: Mechanical methods for induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD001233, 2012
+
Jozwiak
M, Oude Rengerink
K, Benthem
M,
et al: Foley catheter versus vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel for induction of labour at term (PROBAAT trial): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 378(9809):2095, 2011
+
Jozwiak
M, Oude Rengerink
K, Ten Eikelder
ML,
et al: Foley catheter or prostaglandin E2 inserts for induction of labour at term: an open-label randomized controlled trial (PROBAAT-P trial) and systematic review of literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 170(1):137, 2013a
+
Jozwiak
M, Ten Eikelder
M, Rengerink
KO,
et al: Foley catheter versus vaginal
misoprostol: randomized controlled trial (PROBAAT-M Study) and systematic review and meta-analysis of literature. Am J Perinatol 31:145, 2014
+
Karjane
NW, Brock
EL, Walsh
SW: Induction of labor using a Foley balloon, with and without extra-amniotic saline infusion. Obstet Gynecol 107:234, 2006
+
Kelly
AJ, Alfirevic
Z, Dowswell
T: Outpatient versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD007372, 2009
+
Kelly
AJ, Munson
C, Minden
L: Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6:CD006901, 2011
+
Kominiarek
MA, Zhang
J, Vanveldhuisen
P,
et al: Contemporary labor patterns: the impact of maternal body mass index. Am J Obstet Gynecol 205(3):244.e1, 2011
+
Kundodyiwa
TW, Alfirevic
Z, Weeks
AD: Low-dose oral
misoprostol for induction of labor: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 113(2 Pt 1):374, 2009
+
Landon
MB, Hauth
JC, Leveno
KJ,
et al: Maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with a trial of labor after prior cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med 351(25):2581, 2004
+
Laughon
SK, Branch
DW, Beaver
J,
et al: Changes in labor patterns over 50 years. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206(5):419.e1, 2012a
+
Laughon
SK, Zhang
J, Grewal
J,
et al: Induction of labor in a contemporary obstetric cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206(6):486.e1, 2012b
+
Laughon
SK, Zhang
J, Troendle
J,
et al: Using a simplified Bishop score to predict vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 117(4):805, 2011
+
Ledingham
MA, Thomson
AJ, Lunan
CB,
et al: A comparison of isosorbide mononitrate,
misoprostol and combination therapy for first trimester pre-operative cervical ripening: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynecol 108:276, 2001
+
Lichtenberg
ES: Complications of osmotic dilators. Obstet Gynecol Surv 59(7):528, 2004
+
Lin
MG, Nuthalapaty
FS, Carver
AR,
et al:
Misoprostol for labor induction in women with term premature rupture of membranes: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 106:593, 2005
+
Lo
JY, Alexander
JM, McIntire
DD,
et al: Ruptured membranes at term: randomized, double-blind trial of oral
misoprostol for labor induction. Obstet Gynecol 101:685, 2003
+
López-Zeno
JA, Peaceman
AM, Adashek
JA,
et al: A controlled trial of a program for the active management of labor. N Engl J Med 326:450, 1992
+
Luthy
DA, Malmgren
JA, Zingheim
RW: Cesarean delivery after elective induction in nulliparous women: the physician effect. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:1511, 2004
+
Lydon-Rochelle
M, Holt
VL, Easterling
TR,
et al: Risk of uterine rupture during labor among women with a prior cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med 345(1):3, 2001
+
Macones
GA: Elective induction of labor: waking the sleeping dogma? Ann Intern Med 151(4):281, 2009
+
Martin
JA, Hamilton
BE, Ventura
SJ,
et al: Births: final data for 2011. Natl Vital Stat Rep 62(1), 1, 2013
+
Maslow
AS, Sweeny
AL: Elective induction of labor as a risk factor for cesarean delivery among low-risk women at term. Obstet Gynecol 95:917, 2000
+
Mei-Dan
E, Walfisch
A, Valencia
C,
et al: Making cervical ripening EASI: a prospective controlled comparison of single versus double balloon catheters. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med January 8 , 2014 [Epub ahead of print]
+
Mercer
BM: Induction of labor in the nulliparous gravida with an unfavorable cervix. Obstet Gynecol 105:688, 2005
+
Mercer
BM, McNanley
T, O’Brien
JM,
et al: Early versus late amniotomy for labor induction: a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:1371, 1995
+
Merrill
DC, Zlatnik
FJ: Randomized, double-masked comparison of oxytocin dosage in induction and augmentation of labor. Obstet Gynecol 94:455, 1999
+
Mori
R, Tokumasu
H, Pledge
D,
et al: High dose versus low dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD007201, 2011
+
Murthy
K, Grobman
WA, Lee
TA,
et al: Trends in induction of labor at early-term gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204(5):435.e1, 2011
+
O’Driscoll
K, Foley
M, MacDonald
D: Active management of labor as an alternative to cesarean section for dystocia. Obstet Gynecol 63:485, 1984
+
Oshiro
BT, Kowalewski
L, Sappenfield
W,
et al: A multistate quality improvement program to decrease elective deliveries before 39 weeks of gestation. Obstet Gynecol 121(5):1025, 2013
+
Osman
I, MacKenzie
F, Norrie
J,
et al: The “PRIM” study: a randomized comparison of prostaglandin E2 gel with the nitric oxide donor isosorbide mononitrate for cervical ripening before the induction of labor at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:1012, 2006
+
Osmundson
S, Ou-Yang
RJ, Grobman
WA: Elective induction compared with expectant management in nulliparous women with an unfavorable cervix. Obstet Gynecol 117(3):583, 2011
+
Osmundson
SS, Ou-Yang
RJ, Grobman
WA: Elective induction compared with expectant management in nulliparous women with a favorable cervix. Obstet Gynecol 116(3):601, 2010
+
Peregrine
E, O’Brien
P, Omar
R,
et al: Clinical and ultrasound parameters to predict the risk of cesarean delivery after induction of labor. Obstet Gynecol 107(2 Pt 1):227, 2006
+
Pevzner
L, Rayburn
WF, Rumney
P,
et al: Factors predicting successful labor induction with dinoprostone and
misoprostol vaginal inserts. Obstet Gynecol 114(2 Pt 1):261, 2009
+
Rouse
DJ, McCullough
C, Wren
AL,
et al: Active-phase labor arrest: a randomized trial of chorioamnion management. Obstet Gynecol 83:937, 1994
+
Rouse
DJ, Owen
J, Hauth
JC: Active-phase labor arrest: oxytocin augmentation for at least 4 hours. Obstet Gynecol 93:323, 1999
+
Rouse
DJ, Owen
J, Hauth
JC: Criteria for failed labor induction: prospective evaluation of a standardized protocol. Obstet Gynecol 96:671, 2000
+
Rouse
DJ, Owen
J, Savage
KG,
et al: Active phase labor arrest: revisiting the 2-hour minimum. Obstet Gynecol 98:550, 2001
+
Satin
AJ, Leveno
KJ, Sherman
ML,
et al: High- versus low-dose oxytocin for labor stimulation. Obstet Gynecol 80:111, 1992
+
Satin
AJ, Leveno
KJ, Sherman
ML,
et al: High-dose oxytocin: 20- versus 40-minute dosage interval. Obstet Gynecol 83:234, 1994
+
Seitchik
J, Amico
J, Robinson
AG,
et al: Oxytocin augmentation of dysfunctional labor. IV. Oxytocin pharmacokinetics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 150:225, 1984
+
Shellhaas
CS, Gilbert
S, Landon
MB,
et al: The frequency and complication rates of hysterectomy accompanying cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 114(2 Pt 1):224, 2009
+
Shin
KS, Brubaker
KL, Ackerson
LM: Risk of cesarean delivery in nulliparous women at greater than 41 weeks’ gestational age with an unengaged vertex. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190:129, 2004
+
Simon
CE, Grobman
WA: When has an induction failed? Obstet Gynecol 105: 705, 2005
+
Smith
KM, Hoffman
MK, Sciscione
A: Elective induction of labor in nulliparous women increases the risk of cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 101:45S, 2003
+
Solheim
K, Myers
D, Sparks
T,
et al: Continuing a trial of labor after 2 hours of active-phase labor arrest: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Abstract No 205. Presented at the 29th Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 26–31 January 2009
+
Spong
CY, Berghella
V, Wenstrom
KD,
et al: Preventing the first cesarean delivery. Summary of a Joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Workshop. Obstet Gynecol 120(5):1181, 2012
+
Tanne
JH: US hospitals are reducing early elective deliveries. BMJ 346:f1417, 2013
+
Tita
AT, Landon
MB, Spong
CY,
et al: Timing of elective repeat cesarean delivery at term and neonatal outcomes. N Engl J Med 360(2):111, 2009
+
Towers
CV, Briggs
GG, Rojas
JA: The use of prostaglandin E2 in pregnant patients with asthma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190(6):1777, 2004
+
UK Amniotomy Group: A multicentre randomised trial of amniotomy in spontaneous first labour at term. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101:307, 1994
+
Uzun
I, Sik
A, Sevket
O,
et al: Bishop score versus ultrasound of the cervix before induction of labor for prolonged pregnancy: which one is better for prediction of cesarean delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 26(14):1450, 2013
+
Vahratian
A, Zhang
J, Troendle
JF,
et al: Labor progression and risk of cesarean delivery in electively induced nulliparas. Obstet Gynecol 105: 698, 2005
+
Väisänen-Tommiska
M, Nuutila
M, Aittomäki
K,
et al: Nitric oxide metabolites in cervical fluid during pregnancy: further evidence for the role of cervical nitric oxide in cervical ripening. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:779, 2003
+
Väisänen-Tommiska
M, Nuutila
M, Ylikorkala
O: Cervical nitric oxide release in women postterm. Obstet Gynecol 103:657, 2004
+
Villano
KS, Lo
JY, Alexander
JM: A dose-finding study of oral
misoprostol for labor augmentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204(6):560.e1, 2011
+
Vrouenraets
FPJM, Roumen
FJME, Dehing
CJG,
et al: Bishop score and risk of cesarean delivery after induction of labor in nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 105: 690, 2005
+
Wagner
M: Off-label use of
misoprostol in obstetrics: a cautionary tale. BJOG 112: 266, 2005
+
Wang
W, Zheng
J, Fu
J,
et al: Which is the safer method of labor induction for oligohydramnios women? Transcervical double balloon catheter or dinoprostone vaginal insert. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med January 8 , 2014 [Epub ahead of print]
+
Weeks
AD, Fiala
C, Safar
P:
Misoprostol and the debate over off-label drug use. BJOG 112: 269, 2005
+
Wen
T, Beceir
A, Xenakis
E,
et al: Is there a maximum effective dose of Pitocin? Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:S212, 2001
+
Wing
DA, Brown
R, Plante
LA,
et al:
Misoprostol vaginal insert and time to vaginal delivery. A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 122(2 pt 1): 201, 2013
+
Wölfler
MM, Facchinetti
F, Venturini
P,
et al: Induction of labor at term using isosorbide mononitrate simultaneously with dinoprostone compared to dinoprostone treatment alone: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 195:1617, 2006
+
Xenakis
EMJ, Langer
O, Piper
JM,
et al: Low-dose versus high-dose oxytocin augmentation of labor—a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173: 1874, 1995
+
Yeast
JD, Jones
A, Poskin
M: Induction of labor and the relationship to cesarean delivery: a review of 7001 consecutive inductions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:628, 1999
+
Zhang
J, Landy
HJ, Branch
DW,
et al: Contemporary patterns of spontaneous labor with normal neonatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 116(6):1281, 2010a
+
Zhang
J, Troendle
J, Mikolajczyk
R,
et al: The natural history of the normal first stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol 115(4):705, 2010b
+
Zhang
J, Troendle
J, Reddy
UM,
et al: Contemporary cesarean delivery practice in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 203(4):326.e1, 2010c
+
Zhang
J, Troendle
JF, Yancey
MK: Reassessing the labor curve in nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187:824, 2002